Water conservation and circular water reuse in clinical haemodialysis facilities

Sen, A., Bhatia, K., Olsen, M., Maheshwari, N., Goldsworthy, A., McLean, M., Albarqouni, L., Titus, T. International Urology and Nephrology DOI: 10.1007/s11255-026-05378-9

Abstract: Haemodialysis is a life-sustaining but resource-intensive therapy with a substantial water footprint, estimated globally at 270 billion litres annually and approximately 78,000 L per patient. Green dialysis strategies increasingly focus on reducing dialysate-related water demand and recovering reverse osmosis RW; however, evidence remains dispersed across clinical studies, service reports and feasibility analyses. This scoping review mapped and synthesised literature on water conservation and reuse strategies in haemodialysis.